Intel 1520 Manual do Utilizador Página 1

Intel ® NetStructure ™ 1520 Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide

x Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide x Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide Deleting ARM bypass rules...

88 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideEnabling and disabling multicast in ICPYou can enable or disable multicast in ICP.▼ Enablin

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 89▼ Setting the ICP query timeout number1 Select the config menu, and press Enter. 2 Select routing, and pre

90 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide7Press CTRL-X to save your rule and return to the previous screen.Each rule must have the f

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 91ExamplesThe following rule sets up a parent proxy hierarchy consisting of the appliance (which is the chi

92 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Viewing parent proxy caching rules1 Select the config menu, and press Enter. 2 Select rout

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 93bottom field and press Enter. Finally, press CTRL-X to save your changes and return to the previous screen

94 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideConfiguring ARM bypass rulesThe appliance uses ARM bypass rules to determine whether to byp

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 95The bypass rules have the following format:ExamplesThe following examples show source, destination, and s

96 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide3Select bypass, and press Enter. 4 Select rules, and press Enter.5 Select view rules, and p

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 975Press CTRL-X to save your changes and return to the previous screen.The following table describes the op

xi Preface This manual describes how to use and configure an Intel ® NetStructure ™ Cache Appliance system (referred to as “appliance” in this manua

98 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Viewing host database options1 Select the config menu, and press Enter. 2 Select hostdb, a

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 994Supply a value for each field you want to change, and press Enter after filling in each field.5 Press CTRL-

100 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideViewing Protocol statisticsProtocol statistics report the appliance system’s use of the HT

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 101The following table describes the statistics for the HTTP protocol. Statistics exist for both the client

102 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideThe following table describes the protocol for the NNTP protocol. Statistics and descripti

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 103The following table describes the statistics for the FTP protocol:The following table describes the stat

104 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideViewing Cache statisticsCache statistics report information about the cache size, bytes us

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 105Viewing Other statisticsOther statistics report information about host database lookups, DNS lookups, cl

106 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Viewing DNS statistics1 Select the monitor menu, and press Enter. 2 Select other, and pr

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 107▼ Viewing logging statistics1 Select the monitor menu, and press Enter. 2 Select other, and press Enter.

xii Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide Who should read this manual This manual is intended for system administrators who configu

108 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideUsing the save menuThe save menu lets you save the current appliance configuration to a flop

109Chapter 6Troubleshooting ProblemsWhen the system doesn’t seem to be operating correctly, you can use the information in this chapter to help you fin

110 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideRebooting your systemRebooting the Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance causes the underlyin

Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Problems 111Upgrading softwarePeriodically the caching application that runs on the Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance might

113Appendix ACaching Solutions and PerformanceThis appendix is an overview of the Web caching capabilities and performance of the Intel NetStructure C

114 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideWeb proxy cachingThe Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance is a high-performance caching prox

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 115 Step 4 If the data in the cache is stale, the appliance connects to the origin server and asks if

116 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide HTTP Web documents support optional author-specified expiration dates. The appliance ad

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 117For example, if a document was last modified 32 days ago and was sent to the appliance two days ago, th

1 Chapter 1 Introduction The Intel ® NetStructure ™ Cache Appliance is a carrier-class caching appliance that offers high performance, high availab

118 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide✔ The min-fresh field, sent by clients, is an acceptable freshness tolerance. The client wa

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 119✔ Evaluate freshness as follows:1 Use the Expires header test, if applicable, otherwise go to step 2.

120 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideThe following table lists the HTTP caching directives that the appliance follows. Transpar

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 121✔ Information on how the ARM changes packet addresses. See ARM redirection‚ on page 125.✔ A descriptio

122 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guideappliance, or routers or switches feeding it, is often deployed at a major artery or aggre

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 123Using a WCCP-enabled router for transparencyA WCCP 2.0-enabled router can send all port 80 (HTTP) traf

124 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide✔ The appliance handles node failure in WCCP cache farms. If one node goes down, its load

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 125Figure 5 illustrates policy-based routing for HTTP objects. This routing scheme has the following char

126 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide✔ NNTP packet destination IPs are readdressed with the IP address of the appliance. If the

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 127Static and dynamic (adaptive) bypassBypass rules can be either static or adaptive. Adaptive bypass rul

2 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide What is an Intel ® NetStructure ™ Cache Appliance? Internet users request billions of do

128 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideServer accelerationIn Web proxy caching, the Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance handles ar

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 129Advantages of server accelerationServer acceleration advantages are similar to Web proxy caching:✔ The

130 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideWhereas the corresponding proxy request would look like this:The appliance can construct a

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 131This map rule specifies the path /jazz for jazz.flute.org on the server big.server.net. Generally, you

132 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideUnderstanding server acceleration mapping rulesRewrite rules each consist of three space-d

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 133In a typical Server Accelerator configuration, there should be a reverse-map rule for every map rule, w

134 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideIn these examples, the second rule is never applied because all URL addresses that match t

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 135Understanding cache hierarchiesCache hierarchies consist of levels of caches that communicate with eac

136 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideFor information on how to enable parent caching from the Manager UI, see the parent cachin

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 137 How an ICPhit can be amissIf the appliance receives a hit message from an ICP peer, then it sends

Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Server accelerator The appliance can be configured as a web server to accelerate slower traditional web servers. Documents st

138 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideNews article cachingThe Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance can function as a news server o

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 139The appliance as a news serverAs a news server, the Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance does the follow

140 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideSome of the possible parent configurations that the appliance supports are as listed below:

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 141Two types of clusters are supported: soft clusters and management-only clusters. A soft cluster consis

142 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuidePull the articles for specified groups:For all groups designated as pull, the appliance wil

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 143Obeying NNTP control messagesBy default, the Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance periodically checks th

144 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideFine-grained parallelismThe appliance uses a highly parallel application that can manage h

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 145Advanced protocol featuresThe appliance supports ✔ Performance features of the emerging HTTP 1.1 proto

146 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideFigure 10 The Monitor DashboardThe appliance also supports email notification for alarms. Y

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 147Load sheddingOverload conditions, such as network outages, misconfigured routers, or security attacks,

4 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide Multithreading process support The appliance is the first commercial caching proxy server t

148 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideCentralized administrationThe Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance incorporates many native

Appendix A Caching Solutions and Performance 149enable SNMP access to either one or both of these MIBS on your Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance. See

151Appendix BError MessagesThis appendix contains the following sections:◆ HTML messages sent to clients‚ on page 152 describes the HTML error message

152 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideHTML messages sent to clientsThe appliance returns detailed error messages to browser clie

Appendix B Error Messages 153Host Header Required 400 An attempt was made to transparently proxy your request, but this attempt failed because your br

154 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideStandard HTTP response messages The following standard HTTP response messages are provided

Appendix B Error Messages 155400 Bad Request401 Unauthorized; retry403 Forbidden404 Not Found405 Method Not Allowed406 Not acceptable408 Request Timeo

157GlossaryAlternatesDifferent versions of the same web object. Some web servers answer requests to the same URL with a variety of objects. The conten

Chapter 1 Introduction 5 SNMP Network Management The appliance can be monitored and managed through SNMP network management facilities. The appliance

158 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideClusterA group of the Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance nodes that are configured to act a

Glossary 159ISPInternet Service Provider. An organization that provides access to the Internet.JavaScriptA network-oriented programming language speci

160 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideParent cacheA cache higher up in a Cache hierarchy, to which the Intel NetStructure Cache

Glossary 161Virtual IP failoverAn option available to clustered Intel NetStructure Cache Appliances, where the appliance maintains a pool of virtual I

163IndexAadaptive bypass 126Adaptive Redirection Moduleabout 145what it does 121alternates 119ARMabout 145WCCP and 124what it does 121Bbypassoptions 1

164 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideNnews serverfeatures 138NNTPaccess control 32caching 139configuring 31dynamic subscription

7Chapter 2Getting StartedThis chapter contains the following sections:◆ Starting the system for the first time‚ on page 8◆ Accessing the Manager UI‚ on

Copyright © 2000, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel Corporation5200 N. E. Elam Young ParkwayHillsboro, Oregon 97124-6497No part of this

8 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideStarting the system for the first timeBefore you can start the Intel NetStructure Cache Appl

Chapter 2 Getting Started 94After your system completes the boot procedure, a console login prompt appears with fields for both a login and password. A

10 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide11Use the arrow keys to highlight timezone and press the Enter key. Pressing the Enter key

Chapter 2 Getting Started 11installation, the bottom of the screen keeps you apprised of the installation’s progress. 17 After the installation is com

12 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideAccessing the Manager UIThe Manager UI is a browser-based interface, consisting of a series

Chapter 2 Getting Started 13Figure 1 The Dashboard pageUsing Monitor and Configure modeThe Manager UI has two modes, Monitor and Configure:✔ In Monitor

14 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideFigure 2 shows the control frame buttons for both the Monitor and Configure modes.Figure 2 T

Chapter 2 Getting Started 15Using online helpBoth the MONITOR and CONFIGURE tabs have a Help page button. When you click the Help page button, the onl

16 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideAdministrator’s ID and password for both telnet and Manager UI access as soon as possible a

17Chapter 3Monitoring Appliance PerformanceThis chapter describes how to use the Manager UI to collect and interpret performance statistics on the Int

iii Contents Preface ix Who should read this manual ... xConventions used in this man

18 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideAccessing monitor pagesThe Manager UI uses monitor pages to present performance information

Chapter 3 Monitoring Appliance Performance 19Use the Dashboard page to:✔ Select a node✔ See which nodes are on and which are off✔ See if an alarm cond

20 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide✔ Cache hit rate, refresh✔ Errors✔ Aborts✔ Active clients/servers✔ Average fresh hit Not

Chapter 3 Monitoring Appliance Performance 21Using the Graphs pageThe Graphs page provides a list of options for generating performance graphs for cac

22 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Reaching the ARM page1 Be sure you are in monitor mode. If not, click the MONITOR tab.2 C

23Chapter 4Configuring the ApplianceThis chapter describes the configuration options that control the Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance behavior and p

24 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideAccessing configure pagesThe Manager UI uses configure pages to display and allow configurati

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 25Setting general optionsThe following table describes the general configuration settings in the Intel NetStructure

26 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideSetting Web management optionsThe Web Management section lets you restart the cluster and s

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 27The following table describes the Virtual IP Addressing configuration settings.Adding entries to the Virtual IP ad

iv Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide iv Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide Using the ARM page ...

28 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideSetting browser auto configuration optionsThe Autoconfiguration of Browsers section lets you

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 29✔ If it takes the appliance more than 750 milliseconds, it begins to shed 50% of its load. ✔ If the fresh-hit tra

30 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideUsing the Protocols pageThe Protocols page lets you view and change the selected appliance’

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 31Configuring NNTPThe NNTP section lets you configure basic NNTP options. While this section lets you configure basic

32 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideThe following table describes the options.Option Definition NNTP Server on/offEnables or d

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 33NNTP options (continued)❚ Background Posting: Causes the appliance to post NNTP articles to parent NNTP servers i

34 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideConfiguring FTPThe FTP section lets you configure FTP protocols. The following table describ

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 35Using the Cache pageThe Cache page allows you to configure the following:✔ Cache activation✔ Object freshness✔ Var

36 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideStorageThe following table describes the storage options. FreshnessThe following table desc

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 37FTP cachedobjects expireSpecifies how long the appliance will keep FTP objects in the cache. You can specify from

Contents v Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 49 Starting the command-line interface... 5

38 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideVariable contentThe following table describes the variable configuration options.Option Des

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 39Using the Security pageThe Security page lets you configure access to the Manager UI. You can set administrator an

40 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Reaching the Routing page1 Be sure you are in configure mode. If not, click the CONFIGURE

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 41Setting ICP optionsIn the ICP section you can establish ICP peers. The following table describes the ICP options.

42 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Adding an ICP Peer1 Click the ICP Peers link.2 Click the Add Entry button.3 Enter the inf

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 43Setting server accelerator optionsThe Server Accelerator section allows you to configure the appliance as a Server

44 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide2Click the Add Entry button.3 From the Type field, select the type of rule you want to set (

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 45Configuring the host databaseThe appliance host database stores the domain name server (DNS) entries of servers t

46 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideBackground timeoutSpecifies how long DNS entries can remain in the database before they are

Chapter 4 Configuring the Appliance 47Configuring DNSThe DNS Configuration section lets you configure DNS services. The following table describes the opt

vi Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide vi Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide Using the monitor menu ...

48 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Reaching the Snapshots page1 Be sure you are in configure mode. If not, click the CONFIGUR

49Chapter 5Using the Command-Line InterfaceThis chapter describes the command-line utility that you can use to configure the system’s network addresses

50 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideStarting the command-line interfaceThe command-line interface displays automatically on scr

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 51These menu selections let you do the following:✔ setup—Change the system’s network address configuration a

52 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideAs you navigate through windows, you see the path of the window displayed in the top menu b

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 534In the New Hostname field, enter the hostname that you want to assign to the appliance, and press Enter.5

54 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideConfiguring time zone settingsYou can configure the appliance for the appropriate time zone.

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 55✔ Start the appliance cache and proxy services.✔ Stop the appliance cache and proxy services.✔ View and m

56 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideViewing and maintaining versions of the softwareYou can have up to two versions of the appl

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 574Regardless of the type of upgrade, that is, application, patch, or OS/application, each upgrade requires

Contents vii Understanding cache hierarchies ... 135HTTP cache hierarchies...

58 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuidePatch upgradeAfter you press Ctrl-X to proceed, the CLI displays this message:Installing Th

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 59Deleting a version of the appliance softwareYou can delete a version of the appliance software when you n

60 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide5Press CTRL-X to clear the statistics and return to the previous screen. Choosing to clear

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 612Select passwd, and press Enter. Doing so causes a prompt to appear requesting you to type and confirm the

62 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide✔ Configure routing options.✔ Configure the Adaptive Redirection Module (ARM) for transparent

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 63address you want to use in this field and press CTRL-X to save your changes and return to the previous scr

64 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideUser-Agent: identifies the agent making the request, usually abrowserCookie: identifies the

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 65✔ To Disable the appliance from caching and serving news articles select disable, and press Enter. ✔ To a

66 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideThe following table describes the tags you can use in a rule:Tag Description hostname Choo

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 67priority(continued)❚ feedThe appliance will receive news feeds for the specified groups as the parent NNT

viii Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide viii Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide Reaching the Cache page..

68 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideExamplesThe following rule tells the appliance to block all requests from rec.* groups with

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 69▼ Viewing NNTP server rules1 Select the config menu, and press Enter. 2 Select protocols, and press Enter.

70 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideThe following table lists the access directive options:The following is an example of custo

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 71Configuring Secure Socket Layer (SSL) portYou can view and specify the ports to which SSL is restricted.▼

72 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide✔ To set the inactivity timeout (the length of time the appliance waits for a response from

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 73The secondary specifiers are optional. The following table lists the possible tags and their allowed value

74 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideThe following rule tells the appliance to keep the client IP address header for URL address

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 753Select remap, and press Enter.4 Select add rules, and press Enter.5 Enter a remap rule, and press Enter.

76 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideConfiguring the cacheYou can configure cache storage options to do the following:✔ Enable ca

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 77Setting disk storage optionsYou can configure the cache to store only objects below a certain size and to

Contents ix Preparing a cache disk ... 61Setting general controls...

78 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideThe following table shows the options:Option Description Options to Verify freshness Choos

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 79Configuring caching rulesThe appliance uses caching rules to determine how a particular group of URL addr

80 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide3Select rules, and press Enter. 4 Select add rules, and press Enter.5 Enter a caching rule,

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 81The following table lists the possible action tags and their allowed values:ExamplesThe following rule te

82 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Viewing cache rules1 Select the config menu, and press Enter. 2 Select cache, and press En

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 833Select server, and press Enter. 4 Select delete rules, and press Enter. Doing so displays a list of curr

84 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s Guide▼ Deleting Manager Allow rules1 Select the config menu, and press Enter. 2 Select security,

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 85▼ Adding ICP rules1 Select the config menu, and press Enter. 2 Select routing, and press Enter. 3 Select i

86 Intel NetStructure Cache Appliance Administrator’s GuideExample The following example configuration is for three nodes: the local host, one parent,

Chapter 5 Using the Command-Line Interface 87▼ Viewing ICP rules1 Select the config menu, and press Enter. 2 Select routing, and press Enter. 3 Select